SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: The present study compared cardiorespiratory capacity between cirrhotic patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: Nineteen cirrhotic patients and 19 healthy subjects, paired by age and gender, participated in the study. Volunteers performed an incremental cardiopulmonary test with a ramp protocol, a ventilatory and metabolic variables were obtained and analyzed. The recovery was analyzed by calculating the time needed for 50% of oxygen consumption (VO2) recovery to occur as the median between the peak of the exercise and the end of recovery on the VO2 curve (T1/2). The VE/VCO2 slope were performed by the linear regression of ventilation (VE) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) data. RESULTS: During resting condition, cirrhotic patients presented significantly higher levels of VO2 compared to healthy subjects. The VE/ VO2 and VE/ VCO2 values were significantly higher in the control group at the anaerobic threshold and at the peak of the test compared to cirrhotic patients. Time under effort was significantly higher for healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that liver cirrhosis can compromise the patients’ quality of life, mainly by inducing metabolic alterations which can impair functional capacity and lead to a sedentary lifestyle.

In this cross-sectional study, 207 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative kidney transplant recipients were evaluated based on demographic and epidemiological data and on the levels of serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus infection and liver enzymes. Patients with HBV or human immunodeficiency virus infection were excluded. Sera were analysed for the presence of HBV-DNA. HBV-DNA was detected in two patients (1%), indicating occult hepatitis B (OHB) infection (the HBV-DNA loads were 3.1 and 3.5 IU/mL in these patients). The results of the liver function tests were normal and no serological markers indicative of HBV infection were detected. The prevalence of OHB infection was low among kidney transplant recipients, most likely due to the low HBsAg endemicity in the general population of the study area.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the interleukin (IL)28B locus have been associated with a sustained virological response (SVR) in interferon-ribavirin (IFN-RBV)-treated chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients in European and African populations. In this study, the genotype frequency of two IL28B SNPs (rs129679860 and rs8099917) in a cohort of chronic HCV-monoinfected patients in Brazil was evaluated and the SNP sufficient to predict the treatment response outcome was determined. A total of 66 naïve genotype-1 chronic HCV-infected patients were genotyped and the associated viral kinetics and SVR were assessed. The overall SVR was 38%. Both the viral kinetics and SVR were associated with rs129679860 genotypes (CC = 62% vs. CT = 33% vs. TT = 18%, p = 0.016). However, rs8099917 genotypes were only associated with SVR (TT = 53% vs. TG = 33% vs. GG = 18%; p = 0.032). In this population, the analysis of a single SNP, rs12979860, successfully predicts SVR in the IFN-RBV treatment of HCV.

Mutations located in the 109-amino acid fragment of NS5B are typically associated with resistance to interferon (IFN) and ribavirin (RIB) and to new antiviral drugs. The prevalence of these mutations was examined in 69 drug-naïve individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mutations related to non-response to IFN/RIB were observed in all subtypes studied (1a, 1b, 2b, 3a and 4). The most common mutation was Q309R, present in all subtypes, except subtype 2b with frequency above 20%. D244N was detected only in subtype 3a and A333E was detected only in subtype 2b. We did not detect the S282T, S326G or T329I mutations in any of the samples analysed. Of note, the C316N mutation, previously related to a new non-nucleoside compound (HCV796 and AG-021541), was observed in only eight of 33 (24%) samples from subtype 1b. Site 316 was under positive selection in this HCV variant. Our data highlight the presence of previously described resistance mutations in HCV genotypes from drug-naïve patients.

Foi realizada análise de custo-efetividade e do impacto orçamentário de tratamentos indicados para adultos infectados com genótipo 1 do vírus da hepatite C, comparando o não-tratamento com terapias combinadas de alfapeguinterferon-2a e 2b associados a ribavirina. O modelo de Markov desenvolvido projetou a evolução da hepatite C em coorte de 1.000 pacientes, por um período de 30 anos, para os vários estados do desenvolvimento da doença. As terapias combinadas da ribavirina com o alfapeguinterferon 2a ou 2b apresentam efetividades estatisticamente idênticas quando avaliadas em 30 anos de evolução da doença. Quanto ao impacto do tratamento nos anos de vida e nos anos de vida ajustados por qualidade de vida; os anos de vida ganhos por qualidade de vida em relação à evolução da doença sem tratamento foram de 1,67 e 1,63, respectivamente, para a terapia combinada com alfapeguinterferon 2a e 2b, aplicando-se 5% de desconto. A estratégia de tratamento com alfapeguinterferon 2a mais ribavirina se revelou mais custo-efetiva, dominando a outra alternativa de tratamento. Embora não haja diferenças significativas de efetividade entre os dois tipos de alfapeguinterferon, a diferença de preço entre os dois medicamentos faz com que a alternativa do uso do alfapeguinterferon 2a mais ribavirina seja mais eficiente. Quanto à estimativa do impacto orçamentário para o período de 2008 a 2017, a utilização do alfapeguinterferon 2a mais ribavirina resulta em redução nos gastos de aproximadamente 19%, caso todos os doentes fossem tratados utilizando-se os esquemas terapêuticos selecionados.

A cost-effectiveness and budget impact of treatments given to adults infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus was performed by comparing the non-treatment with combined therapy alfapeguinterferon-2a and 2b and ribavirin. The Markov model developed engineered the development of hepatitis C in a cohort of 1,000 patients for a period of 30 years for the various states of disease development. The combined therapy of ribavirin with alfapeguinterferon 2a or 2b have statistically identical effectiveness when evaluated at 30 years of disease. As for the impact of treatment in life years and years of life adjusted for quality of life, the life years gained for quality of life in relation to the evolution of the disease without treatment were 1.67 and 1.63, respectively, for combined therapy with alfapeguinterferon 2a and 2b, applying a 5% discount. The strategy of treatment with alfapeguinterferon 2a plus ribavirin was more cost-effective, dominating the other treatment. Although there are significant differences in effectiveness between the two types of alfapeguinterferon, the price difference between the two products makes the alternative of using alfapeguinterferon 2a plus ribavirin more effective. Concerning the estimated budget impact for the period 2008 to 2017, using alfapeguinterferon 2a plus ribavirin results in a reduction in spending of about 19% if all patients were treated using the selected treatment regimens.

Foi realizada análise de custo-efetividade e do impacto orçamentário de tratamentos indicados para adultos infectados com genótipo 1 do vírus da hepatite C, comparando o não-tratamento com terapias combinadas de alfapeguinterferon-2a e 2b associados a ribavirina. O modelo de Markov desenvolvido projetou a evolução da hepatite C em coorte de 1.000 pacientes, por um período de 30 anos, para os vários estados do desenvolvimento da doença. As terapias combinadas da ribavirina com o alfapeguinterferon 2a ou 2b apresentam efetividades estatisticamente idênticas quando avaliadas em 30 anos de evolução da doença. Quanto ao impacto do tratamento nos anos de vida e nos anos de vida ajustados por qualidade de vida; os anos de vida ganhos por qualidade de vida em relação à evolução da doença sem tratamento foram de 1,67 e 1,63, respectivamente, para a terapia combinada com alfapeguinterferon 2a e 2b, aplicando-se 5% de desconto. A estratégia de tratamento com alfapeguinterferon 2a mais ribavirina se revelou mais custo-efetiva, dominando a outra alternativa de tratamento. Embora não haja diferenças significativas de efetividade entre os dois tipos de alfapeguinterferon, a diferença de preço entre os dois medicamentos faz com que a alternativa do uso do alfapeguinterferon 2a mais ribavirina seja mais eficiente. Quanto à estimativa do impacto orçamentário para o período de 2008 a 2017, a utilização do alfapeguinterferon 2a mais ribavirina resulta em redução nos gastos de aproximadamente 19%, caso todos os doentes fossem tratados utilizando-se os esquemas terapêuticos selecionados.

A cost-effectiveness and budget impact of treatments given to adults infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus was performed by comparing the non-treatment with combined therapy alfapeguinterferon-2a and 2b and ribavirin. The Markov model developed engineered the development of hepatitis C in a cohort of 1,000 patients for a period of 30 years for the various states of disease development. The combined therapy of ribavirin with alfapeguinterferon 2a or 2b have statistically identical effectiveness when evaluated at 30 years of disease. As for the impact of treatment in life years and years of life adjusted for quality of life, the life years gained for quality of life in relation to the evolution of the disease without treatment were 1.67 and 1.63, respectively, for combined therapy with alfapeguinterferon 2a and 2b, applying a 5% discount. The strategy of treatment with alfapeguinterferon 2a plus ribavirin was more cost-effective, dominating the other treatment. Although there are significant differences in effectiveness between the two types of alfapeguinterferon, the price difference between the two products makes the alternative of using alfapeguinterferon 2a plus ribavirin more effective. Concerning the estimated budget impact for the period 2008 to 2017, using alfapeguinterferon 2a plus ribavirin results in a reduction in spending of about 19% if all patients were treated using the selected treatment regimens.

RACIONAL: Existe associação entre doença óssea metabólica e doença hepática colestática. Contudo, a associação com cirrose não-colestática ainda é pouco conhecida. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência e a gravidade da perda de densidade mineral óssea na cirrose não-colestática e investigar fatores preditivos do seu diagnóstico. MÉTODOS: Oitenta e nove pacientes e 20 controles foram estudados de março a setembro de 1998. Todos foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais e densitometria óssea da coluna lombar e do colo do fêmur. RESULTADOS: A massa óssea estava significativamente reduzida em ambos os sítios nos pacientes quando comparado aos controles. A prevalência da perda de massa óssea na cirrose não-colestática, de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde, foi de 78% na coluna lombar e 71% no colo do fêmur. A massa óssea diminuiu significativamente com a idade em ambos os sítios, especialmente em pacientes acima de 50 anos. Pacientes mulheres pós-menopausa tinham massa óssea significativamente menor do que pacientes mulheres pré-menopausa e homens em ambos os sítios. Não houve diferença significativa na massa óssea entre as etiologias não-colestáticas. A massa óssea da coluna lombar diminuiu significativamente com a progressão da disfunção hepática. Nenhuma variável bioquímica foi associada com a perda da massa óssea. CONCLUSÕES: A perda de massa óssea foi freqüente em pacientes com cirrose não-colestática. Pacientes idosos, do sexo feminino na pós-menopausa e com disfunção hepática grave apresentaram doença óssea mais avançada. Os exames laboratoriais rotineiramente dosados nos pacientes com doença hepática não puderam predizer com segurança a presença de redução na massa óssea.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic bone disease has long been associated with cholestatic disorders. However, data in noncholestatic cirrhosis are relatively scant. AIMS: To determine prevalence and severity of low bone mineral density in noncholestatic cirrhosis and to investigate whether age, gender, etiology, severity of underlying liver disease, and/or laboratory tests are predictive of the diagnosis. PATIENTS/METHODS: Between March and September/1998, 89 patients with noncholestatic cirrhosis and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. All subjects underwent standard laboratory tests and bone densitometry at lumbar spine and femoral neck by dual X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Bone mass was significantly reduced at both sites in patients compared to controls. The prevalence of low bone mineral density in noncholestatic cirrhosis, defined by the World Health Organization criteria, was 78% at lumbar spine and 71% at femoral neck. Bone density significantly decreased with age at both sites, especially in patients older than 50 years. Bone density was significantly lower in post-menopausal women patients compared to pre-menopausal and men at both sites. There was no significant difference in bone mineral density among noncholestatic etiologies. Lumbar spine bone density significantly decreased with the progression of liver dysfunction. No biochemical variable was significantly associated with low bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS: Low bone mineral density is highly prevalent in patients with noncholestatic cirrhosis. Older patients, post-menopausal women and patients with severe hepatic dysfunction experienced more advanced bone disease. The laboratory tests routinely determined in patients with liver disease did not reliably predict low bone mineral density.